Guide to Gender in English Grammar

Understanding how gender works in English is crucial for proper communication. This is especially true when it comes to pronouns as well as certain nouns and titles. 

Fortunately, English has a much simpler gender system compared to many other languages. This guide will walk you through all the basics of gender in English grammar.

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What is Gender in English Grammar? 

English primarily uses gender in pronouns (e.g., he, she, they) and certain gendered nouns (e.g., actor/actress) and titles (e.g., Mr., Mrs.).

English nouns can be classified as masculine, feminine, neuter or common. Neuter nouns refer to objects without gender (e.g., table, car), which comprise the majority of nouns in English. Common gender nouns can be either male or female (e.g., teacher, doctor). 

English pronouns can be masculine, feminine or gender-neutral. Unlike some languages with more complex gender systems, you won’t have to worry about using gendered adjectives or articles in English.

Gendered Nouns

English nouns can be categorized based on gender, though this distinction is not as strict or extensive as in some other languages. The main categories are:

Gender	Description	Examples
Masculine	Refers to male persons or animals	boy dad uncle king bull
Feminine	Refers to female persons or animals	girl mom aunt queen cow
Common	Refers to persons or animals that can be either male or female	child artist friend pilot cat
Neuter	Refers to inanimate objects, abstract concepts or animals of unspecified gender	table car love tree fish

As you can see, some nouns have a masculine and feminine version. Here are some more examples of this:

Masculine	Feminine
man	woman
father	mother
son	daughter
brother	sister
husband	wife
groom	bride
prince	princess
sir	madam
gentleman	lady
god	goddess
duke	duchess
wizard	witch

Gender in Professional Titles

Many professional titles can be used for males and females. For example:

• lawyer
• doctor
• accountant
• bank teller
• teacher
• professor
• singer
• musician

Other professional titles have a masculine and feminine version. Many of these gendered titles use the suffix “man” or “woman” to indicate gender. 

While some of these gendered terms are still in use, there’s a growing preference for gender-neutral terms. Next to the gendered titles below, you’ll see the gender-neutral alternatives that often replace them. 

Masculine	Feminine	Gender-neutral
policeman	policewoman	police officer
salesman	saleswoman	salesperson sales associate
businessman	businesswoman	businessperson entrepreneur
chairman	chairwoman	chair chairperson
postman	postwoman	post officer
foreman	forewoman	foreperson
fireman	firewoman	firefighter
congressman	congresswoman	member of Congress legislator
landlord	landlady	property owner
anchorman	anchorwoman	news anchor

Another method English uses to distinguish men and women is by adding the suffix “-ess” to the masculine form to make it feminine.

You may have noticed this suffix on some of the gendered nouns we went over earlier, such as “princess” and “goddess.”  

Masculine	Feminine	Gender-neutral
actor	actress	actor
waiter	waitress	waiter or server
host	hostess	host
steward	stewardess	flight attendant
headmaster	headmistress	headteacher

As you can see, for some job titles such as “actor” and “host,” the form that was traditionally masculine is now being used for any gender.

Gender in Courtesy Titles 

Beyond occupations, there are also traditional gendered titles that are sometimes used to address people in formal contexts. These go before a person’s last name or full name and are often used in professional writing.

Title	Used for
Mr. (short for "Mister")	men, regardless of marital status
Mrs. (short for "Missus")	married women
Miss	unmarried women
Ms.	women, regardless of marital status

In modern times, some people have started using the more inclusive title Mx., which doesn’t indicate marital status or gender. 

Gendered Terms for Animals 

There are many names for animals that have two forms, one for males and one for females. Bear in mind that in some cases, the gender-neutral word used to refer to the whole group is a third, different noun (like “horse”).

Other times, the whole group is usually referred to with the male form (“lion”) and, in very few cases, the feminine is used for the whole group (“duck”).  You’ll see that, again, the “-ess” suffix is often used for the feminine form.

Animal	Male	Female
chicken	rooster	hen
cattle	bull	cow
horse	stallion	mare
dog	dog	bitch
cat	tom	queen
pig	boar	sow
deer	buck	doe
goat	billy	doe
sheep	ram	ewe
lion	lion	lioness
tiger	tiger	tigress

Again, some of these terms aren’t commonly known. For example, not many people know that female cats are technically called “queens.”

Gendered Pronouns

Pronouns in English reflect the gender of the nouns they replace. The most commonly used gendered pronouns are:

Gender	Used for	Pronouns	Example
Masculine	males	he him his	John said he would help.
Feminine	females	she her hers	Mary loves her new coat.
Neuter	objects or things without gender and for animals when gender is unknown	it its	The dog is cute. It's very playful.
Gender-Neutral/Non-Binary	individuals who don't identify strictly as male or female and when the gender is unknown	they them their	Sam said they would bring their own lunch.

We use masculine pronouns to refer to masculine nouns (typically people). For example:

The boy is very smart. He always gets good grades in school.

In the same way, we use feminine pronouns to refer to feminine nouns:

My mom loves to read. She always has a book in her hand.

The same goes for neuter objects and neuter pronouns:

Our car is really old. We bought it 20 years ago.

If a person identifies as non-binary (or doesn’t identify as either male or female), we can use gender-neutral pronouns to refer to them. You may hear people introduce themselves with their preferred pronouns so you know how to refer to them.

Gender-neutral or non-binary pronouns are the same ones we use for multiple people in the third person. For example:

My friends are really funny. They always make me laugh.

When used as gender-neutral pronouns, “they” can also be used to refer to one person. We use the same verb forms that we use for a group of people. For example:

My friend Mae is non-binary. They live next door to me.

Gender-neutral Language

English is increasingly embracing gender-neutral language. For example, you may hear or see it when someone is talking or writing about a non-specified person or people in general.

Say someone’s talking about what a student should do if they need help at school. This student could be male, female or non-binary. Historically, it’s been most common to use masculine pronouns to refer to the hypothetical student. For example:

If a student needs help, he should ask the teacher.

However, it’s becoming more common to use gender-neutral pronouns instead. For example:

If a student needs help, they should ask the teacher.

This makes it clear that the student could be any gender and doesn’t leave anybody out. 

 

While English has fewer gender distinctions than many other languages, knowing how to use gendered and gender-neutral words correctly is essential. You can get exposed to gender in English grammar with an immersive language learning program like FluentU.

Practice using these words and pay attention to how gender is expressed in different contexts to refine your language skills further.