German Grammar

Need the lowdown on German grammar without being overwhelmed by all the details?

You’ve come to the right place!

This guide will walk you through all the most important German grammar topics—no fuss, no muss.

You’ll also get links to our more in-depth blog posts on each topic, so you can choose to dive deeper into anything you need to learn more about right now.

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1. Nouns

Nouns are the stuff of sentences, literally.

When you’re learning German nouns, you’re not just memorizing singular words. Every noun in German should be considered a two-part package—i.e., they consist of the noun itself and the article that comes with it.

Capitalization

All German nouns are capitalized. You don’t really have to worry about “proper nouns” and such, unlike in English. Whether you’re referring to something with a name (“Johann Schmidt,” “Volkswagen,” “Cuddles”) or a generic person/object (“man,” “car,” “cat”), the noun would be capitalized.

https://www.fluentu.com/blog/german/german-capitalization-rules/

Gendered Articles

Articles are the little words that come before nouns. They tell you if you’re talking about something definite (the dog) or something indefinite (a dog).

There are three genders in German articles: masculine, feminine and neuter. Each has its own unique articles.

German Article Genders	Definite Article	Indefinite Article
masculine	der	ein
feminine	die	eine
neuter	das	ein

Every German noun is assigned a gender. For example, since “chair” in German is masculine, you say  der Stuhl (the chair) or  ein Stuhl (a chair). Similarly, with the feminine word “flower”, you say  die Blume (the flower) or  eine Blume (a flower). 

Here are the general rules for using each article—that is, what gender you should use for which noun ending.

Noun Ending	Article Gender
-ig, -ling, -or, -smus	masculine
-ei, -heit, -ik, -keit, -schaft, tät, -tion, -ung	feminine
-chen, -lein, -ma, -ment, -tum, -um	neuter

Note that the articles may also change depending on which case you use.

Pluralization

All plural nouns in German take on the feminine article die . They may also change their endings (most commonly –e, –er, –en or –s) depending on the root noun’s ending, gender, number of syllables and whether they’re family names.

Sometimes, an umlaut (two dots above a letter) may also be added to a vowel, like in der Koch (the chef) → die Köche (the chefs).

Compound Nouns

There are instances in German where two nouns can get squished together, creating compound nouns. These can result in combos like die Handschuhe (gloves, literally “hand shoes”) or  die Arbeiterunfallversicherungsgesetz (law relating to worker’s compensation insurance).

https://www.fluentu.com/blog/german/german-compound-nouns/

2. Cases

In German grammar, nouns and pronouns can change depending on what role they play in a sentence. This role is known as the “case.”

For example, in the sentence  Ich habe einen Hund (I have a dog), “I” is the subject (the doer of the verb), so it’s in the “nominative” case. Meanwhile, “dog” is the object of the verb, meaning it’s receiving the action of the verb “have,” so it goes in the “accusative” case. 

https://www.fluentu.com/blog/german/german-pronouns/

There are four German cases to learn, and each one can change the personal pronouns and articles (both definite and indefinite) used.

Nominative

The nominative case ( der Nominativ ) is used to indicate the subject of a sentence, or the one performing the action of the verb.

In this case, you’ll be using the standard personal pronouns and articles.

Nominative Pronouns	Nominative Articles
ich : I du : you (singular, informal) er : he sie : she es : it wir : we ihr : you (plural, informal) sie : they Sie : you (formal)	der / ein : masculine die / eine : feminine das / ein : neuter die : plural

Accusative

The accusative case ( der Akkusativ ) is used to express the direct object of the sentence. It’s the “receiver” of the subject’s actions and is influenced by them.

Note that in accusative articles, only the masculine articles change.

Accusative Pronouns	Accusative Articles
mich :me dich : you (singular, informal) ihn : him sie : her es : it uns : us euch : you (plural, informal) sie : them Sie : you (formal)	den / einen : masculine die / eine : feminine das / ein : neuter die : plural

https://www.fluentu.com/blog/german/german-nominative-accusative-pronouns-cases-articles/

Dative

The dative case ( der Dativ ) is used to express the indirect object of the sentence. This would be the noun that receives or is acted upon by the direct object.

For example, in  Die Junge gibt dem Hund den Ball (The boy gives the dog the ball), the dog is the indirect object (indicated by the dative dem article), since the direct object, the ball (indicated by the accusative den article), is being given to the dog.

Dative Pronouns	Dative Articles
mir : me dir : you (singular, informal) ihm : him ihr : her ihm : it uns : us euch : you (plural, informal) ihnen : them Ihnen : you (formal)	dem / einem : masculine der / einer : feminine dem / einem : neuter den : plural

The dative case is known to be a tricky one for German learners. It changes pronouns and articles in a way that can make discerning genders confusing. But once you’ve learned these changes, you can convey concise yet intricately complex meanings!

Since it can take a while to get the hang of grammatical cases in German, you can internalize them better by watching native content with targeted exercises on the language learning platform FluentU.

Genitive 

The genitive case ( der Genitiv ) is used to express possession or association. In English, we indicate possession by saying something is “of” someone or by adding -‘s to nouns. In German, the approach is a bit similar.

Typically, you’ll have to change the “possessor” noun’s article. Then, for masculine and neuter nouns, you must add –es (for short, one-syllable nouns) or –s (for multi-syllable nouns).

The genitive possessive articles depend on the gender of the possessor noun as well. For example:

Das Haus meiner Schwester ist sehr groß.
My sister’s house is very big.

Genitive Possessive Articles	Genitive Articles
meiner : of me deiner : of you (singular, informal) seiner : of him ihrer : of her seiner : of it unser : of us eurer : of you (plural, informal) ihrer : of them Ihrer : of you (formal)	des / eines : masculine der / einer : feminine des / eines : neuter der : plural

3. Verbs

Verbs are so-called “doing” or “action” words. “To play,” “to run,” “to paint” and “to learn” are all examples of verbs. 

Placement

In basic German sentences, verbs will typically be in the “second position.” That is, the main conjugated verb would usually be the second word in the sentence, directly following the subject noun.

In most cases, verbs will stick to the second position even if the subject doesn’t take the first position. 

For interrogative or “question” statements and imperatives, or command statements, conjugated verbs take the first position. When this happens, the German sentence takes on an “inverted word order,” and the subject comes after the verb.

Conjugation

German verbs change depending on who is doing the action, just as in English. Think of “I play” vs. “She plays.”

The only difference in German is that each “person” has a different verb ending, whether it’s “I,” “you,” “he/she/it,” “we,” etc. 

This change is called conjugation. And the conjugation of verbs depends on what category they fall into.

Weak (Regular) Verbs

Most German verbs fall under this category and simply follow the normal conjugation rules.

For example, let’s see how the German weak verb  spielen (to play) would be conjugated:

German Conjugations for "Spielen" (To Play)	English Translation
Ich spiele	I play
Du spielst	You play (informal, singular)
Er spielt Sie spielt Es spielt	He plays She plays It plays
Wir spielen	We play
Ihr spielt	You play (informal, plural)
Sie spielen sie spielen	You play (formal) They play

See how the stem of spiel– still sticks around? It’s just attached to different endings, namely –e, -st, -t and -en.

Strong (Irregular) Verbs

You can think of German strong verbs as “rebellious” verbs, in the sense that, during conjugations, the vowels in the stem often change in the  du (you) and er / sie / es (he/she/it) forms. 

For example, the German irregular verb  sehen (to see) sees a vowel change from e to ie. 

Conjugations of the Strong Verb "Sehen" (To See)	English Translation
Ich sehe	I see
Du siehst	You see
Er sieht	He sees

But if most German verbs are “weak,” how do you identify the ones that are strong? Well, we have a few tips in the article below:

https://www.fluentu.com/blog/german/german-strong-verbs/

Mixed Verbs

True to their name, mixed verbs take on traits of both strong and weak verbs. They take on endings when conjugated to different tenses, but may also experience stem-vowel changes in the past tense.

For example, the German mixed verb  kennen (to know) would become:

Conjugations of the Mixed Verb "Kennen" (To Know)	English Translation
Ich kenne	I know
Ich kannte	I knew
Ich habe gekannt	I have known

Separable Verbs

Separable German verbs come with prefixes that can be, well, separated. These prefixes are extra words (typically prepositions) that give total clarity to what the verb means.

The concept exists in English, too. Think about verb phrases like “getting up” or “breaking down.”

When using these verbs, the prefix is typically moved to the end of the sentence.

aufstehen (auf + stehen) — to get up, stand up

Er steht um 8 Uhr auf.
He gets up at 8 o’clock.

But beware! Not all verbs that look like they have a separable prefix actually have one, like  entspannen (to relax). It might seem like you can separate ent- from -spannen, but that’s actually not the case. In fact, if you’re seeing a verb with the prefixes be-, ge-, emp-, ent-, er-, miss-, ver- and zer-, then it is not a separable verb.

Reflexive Verbs

German reflexive verbs relate to actions that would be done on the subject itself. They usually come attached with reflexive pronouns.

The verb word itself still follows their strong, weak or mixed natures, but the reflexive pronoun must show up somewhere in the sentence. 

sich duschen — to shower

Ich dusche mich jeden Tag.
I shower every day.

Auxiliary Verbs

This small category includes verbs that often take on a “helping” role in sentences. They give more meaning and detail about another verb in the sentence.

The three main German auxiliary verbs are  haben (to have),  sein (to be) and  werden (to become).

The auxiliary verb is generally considered the “main” verb of the sentence that’s conjugated. If it comes with a secondary verb (e.g., “have eaten”), that secondary verb may or may not be conjugated.

For example:

German Auxiliary Verbs	Example Sentence	English Translation
haben (to have)	Ich habe das Buch gelesen.	I have read the book.
sein (to be)	Ich bin nach Berlin gereist.	I have traveled to Berlin.
werden (to become)	Er wird ein neues Auto kaufen.	He will buy a new car.

Modal Verbs

Modal verbs are used when you’re describing the possibility, necessity or desire of something. They’re usually meant to emphasize another verb or verb phrase. Therefore, modal verbs are technically auxiliary verbs.

In German, there are six modal verbs: 

German Modal Verbs	English Translation
dürfen	may
können	can
wollen	want
sollen	supposed to/expected to
müssen	must
mögen	like

They each follow their own quirky conjugation patterns, so they don’t really fit into any of the above categories. You’ll have to memorize each of their unique conjugations.

The key thing to know with modal verbs is that they send the second verb to the end of the sentence in the infinitive (how you find verbs in the dictionary). For example:

Die Kinder wollen mit dem Hund spielen.
The children want to play with the dog.

4. Tenses

Just like English, German conjugates verbs according to the time the actions indicated by these verbs took place, are taking place or will take place. These are known as tenses. 

Present

While the English language has multiple ways of expressing the present tense ( das Präsens ), German only has one (whew).

Here are the general rules when conjugating German verbs in the present tense:

• For weak or regular verbs, you take the verb stem (by dropping the infinitive –en or –n ending), and add the endings unique to each personal pronoun.
• For strong (irregular) verbs, you do a similar ending switch to the verb endings. However, some strong verbs with vowels in their stems also experience vowel-changes in their  du and er / sie / es conjugations.
• Mixed verbs, which include modal verbs, take on conjugations similar to both weak and strong verbs.
• Some verbs, such as  sein and haben , have their own unique conjugations that you’ll just need to learn. 

Past

There are two forms of the past tense in German: the simple past (a.k.a. preterite or imperfect) and the present perfect (a.k.a. perfect).

Simple Past 

Like in English, the simple past tense ( das Präteritum / das Imperfekt ) conjugates verbs to a form that, by itself, will make it clear that you’re talking about actions in the past. Think about sentences like “I bought milk” or “I ran a mile.”

Here are a few examples:

Type of Verb	Example Verb	Example Simple Past Sentence	English Translation
weak verb	spielen (to play)	Ich spielte im Park.	I played in the park.
strong verb	fahren (to drive)	Wir fuhren nach Hause.	We drove home.
mixed verb	bringen (to bring)	Mutti brachte Snacks.	Mom brought snacks.

It’s important to note that the simple past sounds a bit more literary, and therefore tends to be reserved for written or formal texts. When just talking casually, you’re more likely to use the present perfect. 

https://www.fluentu.com/blog/german/german-simple-past/

Present Perfect 

The present perfect ( das Perfekt ) also describes the past, but it’s probably the one you’ll encounter the most in actual conversation. For this tense, there are two elements.

Firstly, you need an auxiliary verb:  haben (to have) or the verb  sein (to be), the latter usually reserved for action verbs requiring movement.

The second part is the conjugated past participle of the main verb, which will have the prefix ge-, and usually a -t ending. 

So, the complete formula is:

haben/sein (present tense) + main verb (past participle)

Let’s see how this works, using the same verbs and sentence format as in the simple past examples above:

Type of Verb	Example Verb	Example Present Perfect Sentence	English Translation
weak verb	spielen (to play)	Ich habe im Park gespielt.	I played in the park.
strong verb	fahren (to drive)	Wir sind nach Hause gefahren.	We drove home.
mixed verb	bringen (to bring)	Mutti hat Snacks gebracht.	Mom brought snacks.

Notice how in the last sentence, the auxiliary verb used is  sein (to be), as the sentence is about movement. 

Past Perfect 

Past perfect ( das Plusquamperfekt ) is used for actions that occurred before a specific moment in the past.

In English, the past perfect tense is created by combining the past tense of the verb “to have” and the past participle of the main verb. This creates sentences like “I had eaten” or “They had walked.”

The German past perfect is the same. You’ll now be conjugating the auxiliary verbs  haben or  sein into their simple past (preterite) tense.

The formula is:

haben/sein (preterite) + main verb (past participle)

For example:

Example Verb	Example Past Perfect Sentence	English Translation
spielen (to play)	Ich hatte gespielt.	I had played.
fahren (to drive)	Mutti war gefahren.	Mom had driven.

Future

In everyday conversation, you often just use the standard present tense alongside a word like “tomorrow” or “next week” to refer to future plans.

For example: 

Morgen gehen wir ins Schwimmbad.
Tomorrow, we’re going to go the swimming pool.

However, when making promises, assumptions or formal declarations about future intent, you should use the Future 1 tense. 

Future 1

Future 1 ( futur 1 ) acts much like the English simple future tense.

In the German Future 1 tense, you use the present tense of the verb  werden (to become). You could think of werden as the equivalent of the English verb “will.”

The formula is then:

werden (present tense) + main verb (infinitive)

For example:

Examples of Future 1	English Translation
Ich werde spielen.	I will play.
Du wirst spielen.	You will play.

Future 2 

Future 2 ( futur 2 ) refers to actions that will be completed at some point in the future. It’s similar to the English future perfect tense—i.e., “will have” sentences.

Future 2 incorporates three verbs: werden , the main verb and either haben / sein . It’s very similar to Future 1, except the past participle of the main verb is used.

The formula is:

werden (present tense) + main verb (past participle) + haben/sein (infinitive)

Examples of Future 2	English Translation
Ich werde gespielt haben.	I will have played.
Mutti wird nach Hause gefahren sein.	Mom will have driven home.

https://www.fluentu.com/blog/german/german-future-tense/

5. Adjectives

Endings

Yes, even German adjectives get endings! They’re present when the adjective comes before the noun, and this scenario can be categorized into what’s known as declension.  

Weak Declension

A weak declension is when the adjective comes after a definite article (i.e., der , die , das ). In the nominative case, the adjective’s ending would be –e (for singular nouns) or –en (for plural nouns).

Examples of Weak Declension (Adjectives)	English Translation
Der gute Mann	The good man
Die gute Frau	The good woman
Das gute Kind	The good child
Die guten Menschen	The good people

Strong Declension

A strong declension is when there isn’t a definite article. Since there’s no article telling you the noun’s gender, the adjective has to pick up the slack. The adjective’s ending will usually resemble the ending of the definite article, if it had been present.

Examples of Strong Declension (Adjectives)	English Translation
Guter Mann	Good man
Gute Frau	Good woman
Gutes Kind	Good child
Gute Menschen	Good people

Mixed Declension

A mixed declension is when the adjective follows an indefinite article ( ein / eine ) or a possessive pronoun.  The mixed declension adjective endings are similar to the weak declension’s, but the masculine and neuter adjective endings resemble the strong declension’s.

To make things more deliciously complex, the ending of the adjective will also depend on the noun’s case. 

Examples of Mixed Declension (Adjectives)	English Transation	Case
Ein alter Mann	An old man	nominative
Eines alten Mannes	Of an old man	genitive
Einem alten Mann	To an old man	dative
Einen alten Mann	An old man	accusative

Placement

In terms of placement, German adjectives are quite like English ones. You can place them right before the noun, or have them come after “is” or “are.”

Examples of Adjective Placements	English Translation
Der Hund ist braun.	The dog is brown.
Der braune Hund isst Frühstück.	The brown dog eats breakfast.

Comparative and Superlative

The comparative is used when you’re comparing two or more nouns, or noticing a change in how much a noun embodies an quality. In English, if something is more or less of a certain quality, you’d add –er to the end of an adjective.

Luckily, German adjectives follow a similar principle! However, if the adjective comes after an article and before a noun, you’ll need to add the correct gender- and case-specific suffix after –er.

Let’s see a couple of examples with the adjective traurig , meaning “sad”:

Examples of Comparative Adjectives	English Translation
Er ist trauriger als er.	He is sadder than him.
Der traurigere Junge weinte.	The sadder boy cried.

On the other hand, the superlative is used when a noun embodies the most of a certain quality. In English, we would add the endings -st or -est to the end of an adjective.

In German, you’d typically add two things: the ending –sten to the adjective, and the word am before the adjective. However, if the adjective comes after an article and before a noun, you won’t need am.

Again, the adjective gets an ending depending on the case and gender of the noun.

Examples of Superlative Adjectives	English Translation
Er ist am traurigsten.	He is the saddest.
Der traurigste Junge weinte.	The saddest boy cried.

For more on German comparative and superlative adjectives, check out this guide:

6. Adverbs

Adverbs describe and add life to adjectives, verbs and other adverbs. In English, we tend to identify them through specific endings, such as -ly or -ish.

In German, there isn’t really a specific “adverb” ending. In fact, many German adjectives can take on adverbial roles without the need to add specific suffixes. For example, notice how the adjective schnell here doesn’t need to change at all to become an adverb: 

Ich laufe schnell.
I run quickly.

There are also adverbial phrases that don’t necessarily contain adjectives, but are a collection of words that describe how, where or when something is being done: interessanterweise (interestingly),  überall (everywhere), immer (always). 

Placement

German adverbs are typically found after and close to the verbs they modify. They can be a little distanced from the verb by object nouns.

However, you can have adverbs start sentences as well. Remember the “inverted” German sentences, in which the subject isn’t the first word in the sentence but the main verb still takes the second position.

Here are some examples, each showcasing a specific adverb in different positions:

Examples of Adverb Placements	English Translation
Ich laufe schnell.	I run fast.
Schnell laufe ich zur Schule.	I run quickly to the school.

Notice again that there’s no ending for the adverb schnell.

Multiple Adverbs

When you start having more than one adverb in a sentence, then it’s time to start following a specific order: time, manner, place.

In other words, adverbs describing “when” come first, followed by those describing “how” and then finishing with those describing “where.”

For example:

Gestern habe ich viel in der Bibliothek gelesen.
I read a lot in the library yesterday.

Gestern means “yesterday” (adverb of time), viel means “a lot” (adverb of manner), and in der Bibliothek means “in the library” (adverb of place).

7. Conjunctions

Conjunctions are words that connect phrases and clauses together in a sentence. In German, there are two types of conjunctions: coordinating and subordinating.

Coordinating

Coordinating conjunctions connect phrases and clauses without changing the sentence’s word order. Whatever comes after this type of conjunction will follow a normal sequence, as if it were its own sentence.

Here are two examples of coordinating conjunctions:

Examples of German Coordinating Conjunctions	Example Sentence	English Translation
und (and)	Ich spiele Klavier und singe im Chor.	I play the piano and sing in the choir.
aber (but)	Das Essen ist lecker, aber es ist zu teuer.	The food is delicious, but it is too expensive.

Subordinating

Subordinating conjunctions are used when there’s a dependent clause involved.

When the sentence starts with the independent clause, then the subordinating conjunction would introduce the dependent clause. In the dependent clause, the conjugated verb is pushed to the end.

Putting the subordinating conjunction at the start of a sentence will also change the word order of the concluding independent clause. The inverted word order takes effect—the conjugated verb is pushed to the front.

Examples of German Subordinating Conjunctions	Example Sentence	English Translation
bis (until)	Du darfst nicht gehen, bis du gegessen hast.	You may not leave until you have eaten.
weil (because)	Weil ich krank bin, muss ich Medikamente kaufen.	Because I'm sick, I must buy medicine.

8. Prepositions

Prepositions are words that describe a noun in relation to something else. Typically, prepositions describe position, movement or timing.

German prepositions can be categorized according to the cases they utilize. The nouns that follow these prepositions take on different cases.

Accusative

The noun that immediately follows these prepositions must use the accusative case. For example:

durch — through

Ich gehe durch den Tunnel.
I walk through the tunnel.

Dative

Dative prepositions work the same way, but take the dative case instead. That means you have to watch out for those article and adjective endings! For example:

mit — with

Ich gehe mit meinem Freund in den Supermarkt.
I go to the supermarket with my boyfriend.

Genitive

The use of prepositions in the genitive is becoming increasingly rare, at least in spoken conversation where the dative is often used instead. However, they do appear in more formal contexts, so it’s good to know them regardless.

wegen — because of

Wegen des Sturms können wir nicht spielen.
Because of the storm we can’t play.

Two-way

In German, these are called  Wechselpräpositionen ( Wechsel means “switch”). They’re appropriately named, because these prepositions can use either the accusative or dative case, depending on the context.

Sounds complicated, I know! Luckily, there’s a general rule to figure out which case should be used. The accusative is used for motion or direction, while the dative is for describing position or an object’s static location.

Here’s an example with one two-way preposition:

auf — on, onto, upon

Dative:  Der Rucksack liegt aufdem Bett.
The backpack is on the bed.

Accusative:  Ich lege den Rucksack aufdas Bett.
I put the backpack on(to) the bed.

9. Moods

Moods describe the nature and tone of the verbs used in a sentence, so that whoever hears it would understand the speaker’s intentions. 

Indicative 

The indicative mood ( der Indikativ ) is what you’ll be using most of the time. They’re appropriate for matter-of-fact sentences, or ones that simply express facts, opinions or questions. The indicative is also used to describe things that have happened, is happening or would happen.

Declarative Statements

Declarative statements are the sentences that just relay information. For example:

Examples of Declarative Sentences	English Translation
Er kommt zu spät.	He's late.
Das überrascht mich nicht.	That doesn't surprise me.
Ich glaube, er hat uns vergessen.	I think he forgot about us.

Interrogative Statements

Interrogative statements are sentences that pose questions. From a declarative statement, it’s pretty easy to form question statements—you move the conjugated verb to the first position of the sentence, followed by the subject, then the predicates or objects (if any):

Examples of Interrogative Statements	English Translation
Kommt er zu spät?	Is he late?
Überrascht dich das?	Does that surprise you?
Meinst du, er hat uns vergessen?	Do you think he forgot about us?

If an auxiliary verb is involved, then that auxiliary verb (conjugated) would take the first position instead.

While the translations for the above examples include the word “does” and “do,” this isn’t really the word being used. The German verb for “to do” isn’t utilized in most interrogative statements, since all that’s needed is the conjugated main verb.

But what about those “W-questions” asking about the who, what, when, where, why and how? These are known as “question pronouns,” and in German, they’re called W-Wörter (W-words). The six most common ones are:

Most Common W-Wörter (W-words)	English Translation
Wer	Who
Was	What
Wann	When
Wo	Where
Warum	Why
Wie	How

If you’re using a W-word in a question, then it would take the first position, followed by the main conjugated verb.   

Imperative

This mood is for commands and orders. The imperative will solely use pronouns meant for directly addressing others:  du (you),  ihr (you, plural),  wir (we) and  Sie (you, formal). So, you’ll only have to worry about the conjugations related to those pronouns!

Forming the imperative involves putting the conjugated verb at the front of the statement. However, for du commands, the conjugated verb would have its ending (-st or –t) dropped.

Gib mir das Buch!
Give me the book!

Sie, ihr and wir commands use the simple present tense verb conjugations. Also, for the polite Sie commands, the pronoun must appear.

Lesen Sie bitte die Unterlagen.
Please read the documents.

Subjunctive (der Konjunktiv)

The subjunctive ( der Konjunktiv ) is where we enter the esoteric realm of possibility and hearsay. There are two categories of the German subjunctive: Konjunktiv 1 and Konjunktiv 2.

Subjunctive 1

Konjunktiv 1  is used for indirect speech. In other words, someone’s words are being quoted or reported by another.

To form this mood, you’ll have to take the stem of the verb (in present tense) and add specific endings. These endings are the same for every verb except sein , which has its own unique forms.

Here are some examples of Konjunktiv 1 at work:

Sarah sagte, sie sei müde.
Sarah said she is tired.

Sarahs Mütter sagte, sie müsse mehr schlafen.
Sarah’s mother said she must sleep more.

Subjunctive 2 

Konjunktiv 2  is used to express speculations, imaginings and hypotheticals. There are two main ways to accomplish this mood.

The first way is by using special conjugations of the main verb, and conveniently, these conjugations resemble the simple past conjugations. Vowel umlauts may also be added.

The second way is by utilizing the auxiliary verb werden . This verb will receive special conjugations that will automatically imply the Konjunktiv 2 mood—i.e., something “would” occur.

Here’s a sentence that utilizes both of these methods:

Wenn ich das Geld hätte, würde ich den Computer kaufen.
If I had the money, I would buy the computer.

10. Word Order

At this point, you’ve seen several examples of how word order can work in German sentences. Sometimes, they’re in the basic Subject-Verb-Object format. Other times, they’re inverted and push the subject or a verb elsewhere.

As a quick refresher, here are some of the core elements that you should watch out for when considering word order:

• Conjunctions (especially subordinating conjunctions)
• Adverbs (especially if there are different types of adverbs)
• Verbs (especially if there are more than one)

By far, adverbs may prove to be the trickiest when figuring out the correct sentence word order. As a general guide, remember the rule of TMP: time, manner, place.

 

So there you have it: a speedrun of German grammar!

Take the time to study up a bit more on these concepts, and you’ll master them in no time!