Italian Verb Conjugation: The Essential Guide

If you ask former language students where they gave up on learning Italian, or where they thought the end of the road was, it’s here: Italian verb conjugations.

This may sound all too familiar to you, so let’s get you back on track with this post and help you have a healthier attitude on the subject.

 

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What You Need to Know Before Conjugating

Verb conjugation is when you turn a verb like “run” into “ran” or “running” or “will run.”

In this section, we lay the groundwork and talk about the things that you’re going to use to conjugate verbs.

Italian Pronouns

To correctly conjugate a verb, you need to know who is doing the action.

Specifically, you need to know if they’re in the first person, second person or third person point of view, and whether they’re singular or plural. Why? Because each takes on a different verb form.

Here’s a summary of Italian pronouns:

Point of View	Meaning	Italian	English
First Person	Used when you’re talking about yourself, your opinions and the things that happened to you.	io	I
		noi	we
Second Person	Refers to the person you’re addressing.	tu	you (singular)
		voi	you (plural)
Third Person	Refers to the people and objects talked about.	lui	he / it
		lei	she / it
		esso , essa	it
		loro , essi , esse	they

A couple of quick notes:

• The English “it” is a special case. You can either use lui, lei or loro depending on what “it” is being replaced. Use lui if the noun being replaced is masculine in gender and lei if it’s feminine.
• Another pronoun you might hear is Lei. This is the formal “you” in Italian, used for people you’ve just met or people considered higher than you in the ladder of life. In comparison, tu is considered the informal you, used for friends and family.

  Lei is different from the lei (she) which has an uncapitalized letter “l,” but it follows the same conjugation rules.  

Italian Verb Groups

In the Italian language, verbs can be grouped into three distinct classes based on their endings. (English, on the other hand, is just all over the place.)

These are the three classes of Italian verbs:

Italian Verb Class	Examples
-are	parlare (talk) entrare (enter) nuotare (swim)
-ere	scrivere (write) leggere (read) vedere (see)
-ire	costruire (build) seguire (follow) colpire (hit)

We’re talking here about verbs that are in the infinitive form. This is also their simplest form, and it’s the one that’s used as an entry in the dictionary.

In English, “swim” is in the infinitive form. “Swimming” or “swam” are not. 

Verbs with the same endings follow the same verb conjugation rules. Watch for the last three letters of the verbs (-are, -ere and -ire) because they’ll usually be dropped and replaced with something else.

In the next section, we’ll look at how those different verbs are conjugated in the most common tenses in Italian.

Conjugation Rules for Common Tenses

The Present Tense: Presente indicativo

Much like it is in English, the Italian present tense is used to talk about habitual actions, basic truths, descriptions and actions happening at the moment of speaking.

-are Verbs

In the present tense, if a verb ends with -are, the -are is dropped. You then add the corresponding ending following this table:

Mangiare (To eat)

Pronoun	Present Tense	Conjugation Ending
io (I)	mangio	-o
tu (you)	mangi	-i
lui / lei (he / she)	mangia	-a
noi (we)	mangiamo	-iamo
voi (you all)	mangiate	-ate
loro (they)	mangiano	-ano

-ere Verbs

In the present tense, if a verb ends with -ere, the -ere is dropped and changed into the following:

Vivere (to live)

Pronoun	Present Tense	Conjugation Ending
io (I)	vivo	-o
tu (you)	vivi	-i
lui / lei (he / she)	vive	-e
noi (we)	viviamo	-iamo
voi (you all)	vivete	-ete
loro (they)	vivono	-ono

-ire Verbs

In the present tense, if a verb ends with -ire, the -ire is dropped and changed into the following:

Dormire (to sleep)

Pronoun	Present Tense	Conjugation Ending
io (I)	dormo	-o
tu (you)	dormi	-i
lui / lei (he / she)	dorme	-e
noi (we)	dormiamo	-iamo
voi (you all)	dormite	-ite
loro (they)	dormono	-ono

The Past Tense: Passato Prossimo

Passato prossimo refers to actions that were done and completed in the past, but that have an effect in the present.

This is a bit of a unique tense because it can be used for both the present perfect and past tenses in English. 

The formula for forming the passato prossimo is: conjugated avere / essere  + past participle of the main verb

Avere (to have) and essere (to be) are two of the most common helping verbs in Italian, and they’re the only two you’ll need for conjugating the present perfect. But how do you know which to choose? An easy way to start is by remembering that avere is mostly used with transitive verbs, while essere is mostly used with intransitive verbs.

But before we get to conjugating avere and essere, you’ll have to learn how to form the past participle. In general, the past participle ends with -to: 

Verb Type	Past Participle Rule	Example
-are	Drop the -are and replace it with -ato.	mangiare (eat) → mangiato (eaten)
-ere	Drop the -ere and replace it with -uto.	vendere (sell) → venduto (sold)
-ire	Drop the -ire and replace it with -ito.	sentire (feel) → sentito (felt)

Mangiare (to eat): conjugated with auxiliary verb avere

Pronoun	Present Pefect Tense
io (I)	ho mangiato
tu (you)	hai mangiato
lui / lei (he / she)	ha mangiato
noi (we)	abbiamo mangiato
voi (you all)	avete mangiato
loro (they)	hanno mangiato

Arrivare   (to arrive): conjugated with auxiliary verb essere

Pronoun	Present Perfect Tense
	Masculine	Feminine
io (I)	sono arrivato	sono arrivata
tu (you)	sei arrivato	sei arrivata
lui / lei (he / she)	lui è arrivato	lei è arrivata
noi (we)	noi siamo arrivati	noi siamo arrivate
voi (you all)	siete arrivati	siete arrivate
loro (they)	sono arrivati	sono arrivate

The Imperfect Tense: L’imperfetto

Use this tense for actions that happened over and over again in the past. If you used to diet and if you used to exercise, but have since stopped, that’s an example of reality acceptance…I mean, l’imperfetto.

-are Verbs

In the imperfect tense, if a verb ends with -are, drop the -are and then add the following:

Mangiare (to eat)

Pronoun	Imperfect Tense	Conjugation Ending
io (I)	mangiavo	-avo
tu (you)	mangiavi	-avi
lui / lei (he / she)	mangiava	-ava
noi (we)	mangiavamo	-avamo
voi (you all)	mangiavate	-avate
loro (they)	mangiavano	-avano

-ere Verbs

For -ere verbs, the conjugation is almost exactly the same as for -are verbs. You just have to take the -are suffixes and change the a into an e.

Vivere (to live)

Pronoun	Imperfect Tense	Conjugation Ending
io (I)	vivevo	-evo
tu (you)	vivevi	-evi
lui / lei (he / she)	viveva	-eva
noi (we)	vivevamo	-evamo
voi (you all)	vivevate	-evate
loro (they)	vivevano	-evano

-ire Verbs

Finally, -ire verbs follow the exact same pattern as the two previous verb classes, but this time using an i.

Dormire (to sleep)

Pronoun	Imperfect Tense	Conjugation Ending
io (I)	dormivo	-ivo
tu (you)	dormivi	-ivi
lui / lei (he / she)	dormiva	-iva
noi (we)	dormivamo	-ivamo
voi (you all)	dormivate	-ivate
loro (they)	dormivano	-ivano

The Future Tense: Futuro semplice

The future tense refers to actions that will be done in the future. Ask a teenager and he’ll give you a bunch of future (and tense!) actions, like: studying, washing the dishes and cleaning his room. But I digress.

-are, -ere and -ire verbs

In the future tense, all three verb classes have the same rules. Just drop the letter “e” of -are, -ere and -ire and then add the following ending:

Mangiare (to eat)

Pronoun	Imperfect Tense	Conjugation Ending
io (I)	mangerò	-ò
tu (you)	mangerai	-ai
lui / lei (he / she)	mangerà	-à
noi (we)	mangeremo	-emo
voi (you all)	mangerete	-ete
loro (they)	mangeranno	-anno

Those Irregular Verbs!

Getting the rules for the common tenses is challenging enough, but what makes conjugation spicier for language learners is that Italian has many “irregular” verbs that seem to say, “To heck with those rules.” They don’t follow the conjugation patterns and have rules of their own.

There are different “irregulars” for different tenses, and one way of taming them is by familiarizing yourself with these verbs and committing them to memory. For example, the verbs capire (understand), fare  (make), andare (go) and potere  (can) are irregulars in the present tense.

You don’t really have to memorize all of them. Irregular verbs aren’t made equal. You can just pick the most common ones, like the ones mentioned above, and hammer at them hard. This is a much better use of your time than memorizing every single irregular verb that exists.

Don’t be afraid of irregular verbs. They’re fairly common, and if you immerse yourself in Italian, you’ll meet them soon enough. Speaking of which, how exactly do we master verb conjugations? Here are three tips to get you started.

How to Master Italian Verb Conjugations

You have all the info at your fingertips. Now, how do you remember it all? And, beyond that—how do you use the correct verb in an actual Italian conversation?

1. Give conjugated verbs needed context.

The best way to study verb conjugations is in context. Conjugation charts and multiple-choice quizzes will only get you so far. If you want these verbs to stick in your head, you have to see them within real-life sentences.

Any study material that contains verbs can be re-purposed for learning conjugations. This includes Italian songs, short stories, nursery rhymes and movies. Even the comments sections of Italian YouTubers’ videos can be studied!

One tool for studying Italian verb conjugations in context is FluentU.

2. Write them on walls. Literally and seriously.

Your memory will thank you if you learn things by writing them down. That means writing on paper and by hand.

Write everything from conjugation tables to sample sentences. Write them a lot, from left to right, right to left, top-down, bottom-up. Write them in different ways. Write your notes, annotations, questions. Write your own sentences. Write them on walls that you see every day. Write them on post-it notes. Make a flashcard deck.

You might think it’s a waste of time. And it’s time-consuming, for sure. But this is the kind of thing you need to waste time on.

We’re talking about mastery here, right?

So go ahead, “waste” your time doing this. Wrestle with conjugation tables. Think through example sentences and write them down. There’s a payoff at the end when that last drop of ink leaves your pen and you find yourself conjugating Italian verbs like a master.

3. Say them out loud. Again and again.

You don’t even need somebody to pretend to listen to you as you read sentences out loud. The most important audience is already there: You.

You need to hear yourself speak Italian in order to learn. Try reading what you’ve written in the previous tip. Read these sentences aloud multiple times. You need to hear them over and over. You’ll start to notice that Italian grammar is tightly coordinated.

And by repeating these verbs again and again, you’ll begin to see and hear the patterns in the language. You’ll even notice that they sometimes rhyme. You’ll begin to intuitively know what pronoun goes with what conjugation. Not because you remember it as a rule, but because you’ve heard it so many times.

Over time, your work on verb conjugations will become semi-automatic. That is, instead of being backed by rules, you’ll operate on intuition. You’ll have heard something a thousand times, so you’ll feel sure that such and such is the correct form of a verb.

Common Issues with Italian Verb Conjugations

Granted, the subject of conjugations isn’t easy, and admittedly, Italian is a bit harder than English. But that said, conjugation is still not as hard as it’s made out to be. I think there are three major problems in the approach to the subject:

1. The whole subject is covered too fast.

Many textbooks give a chapter or two to conjugations as if that’s enough. And the lessons, when they’re actually taught, are delivered too fast. 

But when you really think about it, you can’t just “okay next please!” conjugations. Realistically, as a second language speaker, you get better at it over time, and it takes years of language usage to master.

You have to give yourself the time to learn it. Take it slow. Marinate in the topic. 

Conjugation is a big, fat topic. It’s like a catch-all subject that combines everything you’ve ever learned about Italian grammar—pronouns, tenses, nouns, genders, subject-verb agreement, sentence structure and so on.

2. Conjugations are taught almost without context.

Another mistake language learners make is that they think they can “hack” the subject by memorizing rules and then leaving it at that. 

As helpful as conjugation tables are, you’ll forget them quickly unless you also apply conjugation in context. 

Context makes things vivid. It’s like seeing things in action. So study verbs in sentences too. Repurpose the language content you’re already using—like songs, rhymes, audiobooks and short stories—for learning conjugation. Read children’s stories while paying attention to how the verbs are used, for example.

3. Mistakes aren’t encouraged.

What is it about this subject that makes grammar sticklers out of the sweetest little boys and girls?

“That’s the wrong form! Quick, burn this sinner at the stake!”

Italian language learners need to chill and cut themselves some slack. Seriously.

Even native speakers bungle every now and then. So don’t judge yourself harshly if you get into a kerfuffle. 

Guess what? Native speakers understand you even if you butcher their verbs. (How? Context!) Just try to put yourself in their shoes for a moment. Imagine a kindly non-native English speaker on the subway offers his seat to a struggling old lady by saying, “Please, sitting down.” Do you not understand it? (And do you not wish to rush to the seat, ahead of the old lady?)

Don’t worry about making mistakes. We learn by making plenty of them early on and then weeding them out over time.

Mastery comes with practice. 

 

So, we’ve come to the end of this post. We’ve learned some really healthy attitudes to take on when we tackle verbal conjugations. Again, nobody’s saying they’re easy, but they don’t have to be any language learner’s nightmare.

If you just take your time, make use of context and allow yourself to commit mistakes, you’ll get the hang of it.

Good luck!

Download: This blog post is available as a convenient and portable PDF that you can take anywhere. Click here to get a copy. (Download)