Russian Pronouns and How They’re Used

Did you know that the third Wednesday of October is International Pronouns Day?

When this started, it got me thinking about gender-neutral pronouns in Russian, such as Оно (it).

I asked my Russian-speaking friends about using this class of pronouns for people, and there was a shocked silence.

This was followed by both nervous gulps and chortles of laughter­—apparently this is an insult beyond the pale to some.

Your choice of Russian pronouns is extremely important, which is why I’m here to get you started with a thorough guide!

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What is a pronoun?

A pronoun is a small word that can replace names, other nouns or noun phrases. There are many different kinds, such as:

• Personal pronouns (words that replace names) — I, you, he, she, etc. 
• Reflexive pronouns (words that refer to themselves) — myself, yourself, himself, herself, etc.
• Possessive pronouns (words indicate ownership) — mine, yours, his, hers, etc.

Other types exist as well, but these are the ones that will be covered for this post. Some are a bit more complicated in Russian so we’ll go over them!

Russian Pronouns

We’ll dive into more detail throughout this post. But first, here’s a cheat-sheet of all the Russian pronouns you’ll ever need to know!

Russian Personal Pronouns

Here are a few things to look out for before we dive into each case:

The accusative and genitive cases are similar for all pronouns.

But for the nominative case, where we have оно for the neuter gender and он  for masculine, the neuter gender uses the same pronouns as the male gender.

When third-person pronouns are used along with prepositions, add the letter н to the pronoun. For example:

у него (genitive case)

про неё (accusative case)

Nominative Case (Subject)

This is the basic form from which pronouns and nouns are introduced before any inflections for case are made.

Examples:

Я люблю шоколад.
I like chocolate.

Они сегодня идут гулять.
They are going out today.

Genitive Case (Indicating Relationship)

In English, relationship is mostly established by using the preposition of or adding ‘s to the end of a noun. But in other languages, such as Latin and Sanskrit, the genitive is used with a range of prepositions.

The best way to identify the genitive case in Russian is by noting the prepositions that mark it. These are:

• без (without)
• после (after)
• около (near)
• до (until, before)
• из , от  (from)
• для (for)
• у (to have)

The most intuitive use of the genitive may be to indicate possession (for example, “my book”), but in Russian, this is done with the possessive pronouns (thus the translation of “my book” is моя книга ).

Because the possessive pronouns coincide with the genitive personal pronouns only in the third person, it’s important to take note of this distinction. This difference between possessive and genitive may be a little difficult to grapple with in English, let alone Russian, which is why it’s a frequently asked question among language learners.

Examples:

У тебя будет встреча?
Do you have a meeting?

Возьмите для меня одно пиво.
Ask for a beer for me.

Accusative Case (Direct Object)

A quick glance at the pronouns and their translations will tell you that they’re the same as in the genitive case. Examine this in terms of the definitions of each case and it may seem inexplicable, but when you look at examples, the commonality seems more natural.

For instance, the genitive case would be “It came from me.” The accusative would be “He sent me.”

Examples:

Держи её крепко.
Hold her tightly.

Учитель спрашивал вас.
The teacher asked you.

Dative Case (Indirect Object)

Recall that the dative case is used in a number of common utterances, such as надо (need), нравится (like) and queries about age.

Examples:

Дай ему яблоко.
Give him an apple. Or, Give an apple to him.

Нам не нравится такая музыка.
We do not like this type of music.

Instrumental Case (as the Means or Instrument)

This is another case whose usage is hard to correlate with a definition in English. Once again, the prepositions that adjoin it are the best indicators of when it should be used. These are:

• с (with)
• над (above)
• под (below)
• перед (in front of)
• за (behind)
• между (between)

Examples:

Пойдем со мной.
Come with me.

Перед нами остановилась машина.
A car stopped in front of us.

Prepositional Case (Nouns Used with Other Prepositions)

Though this case and its name relates to several prepositions, when used for people, it’s most commonly used with о  and its variants об and обо  (about).

Examples:

Иван давно забыл о ней.
Ivan forgot about her a long time ago.

Давай поговорим о тебе.
Let’s talk about you.

Russian Reflexive Pronouns

Could there be a self within myself or yourself that relates to all other selves?

The Russian word for self, себя , refers to each, every and all selves.

If we were to talk about people seeing themselves, we would say:

Я вижу себя. 
I see myself.

Она видит себя.
She sees herself.

Они видят себя.
They see themselves.

You may be thinking that this is just too easy… and you’d be right. Remember that it has to be declined for each case. Luckily, we’re spared the nominative case because Себя can never be the subject of a sentence.

Russian Possessive Pronouns

A possessive pronoun is used to represent possession. For instance, if the book belongs to your friend, you’d say that it’s hers. If you have a cat, you would refer to him as mine (at least, as much as a cat can belong to someone).

The possessive pronouns for “his,” “hers,” “its” and “theirs” are fairly simple since they don’t change for different tenses:

The rest of the pronouns are more complicated since you’ll need to keep the case in mind. They are as follows:

Давай, пропой мне всё это! (Come on, sing all this for me!)

That’s that!

It may be a while before you can use these pronouns intuitively, but you’re well on your way.

There’s the poem “Моя грамматика” by М. Раскатов, too, if you want to enjoy some wit and bask in the glow of your recently acquired pronoun knowledge!

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