How to Read Spanish

Learning to read Spanish isn’t as hard as you may think, especially because the language’s phonetic nature makes it much simpler than English. Unlike English, where letters can change sounds depending on context, each Spanish letter has a consistent pronunciation.

In this guide, you’ll discover the fundamentals of Spanish pronunciation, from vowels and consonants to unique letters like ñ and the stress rules that clarify meaning. Whether you’re a beginner or brushing up on skills, these tips will help you confidently read Spanish words and texts.

Download: This blog post is available as a convenient and portable PDF that you can take anywhere. Click here to get a copy. (Download)

How to Read Spanish Letters 

We’re going to start with the basics—the ABCs.

You probably learned your English ABCs with a song, and that’s what we’re going to do here with Spanish. Go ahead and watch this YouTube clip of the Spanish ABCs first.

The first thing you want to know about reading Spanish is that it’s a phonetic language, unlike English. In other words, every letter makes the same sound in the alphabet as it does in a word.

Let’s take the Spanish letter a as an example. A will always make the “ah” sound, as in “father.” This is different from English, where “k” can have a hard sound like in “kitty” or no sound like in “knowledge.”

But that’s the good news. If Spanish is phonetic, that means once you’ve mastered the sound for each Spanish letter, you’ll be able to sound out words very easily in Spanish.

Let’s start with the vowels.

Vowels

You’ll be hard pressed to correctly spell or read Spanish words if you don’t know the basic vowel sounds.

The great thing about Spanish is that the vowels, in my opinion, are easier to understand than in English. You don’t have rules like “when two vowels go a walking” or “i before e except after c…” What you see is what you get. Vowels in Spanish always make the same sound.

Spanish Vowel	What It Sounds Like
A	“ah” as in “ah ha!” or “father”
E	“eh” as in “excuse” or “bed”
I	“ee” as in “beet” or “seek”
O	“oh” as in “know” or “open”
U	“oo” as in “sue” or “do.”

The u is the only vowel that’s a little tricky. In some words, it doesn’t make a sound, but more on that later.

Silent Letters

Now that we have the vowel sounds, let’s move on to the consonants. There are a few consonants in Spanish that never make a sound. (Why they’re in the alphabet at all is a mystery to me. But they’re there and we need to learn them.)

Spanish Silent Letter	Pronunciation Rule	Example
H	H is always silent in Spanish.	Hijo is pronounced “ee-ho.”
U	When coupled with q and g, the letter u is silent.	Guitarra is pronounced “gee-tar-ah.”
Ps	If you see these two letters together, the p is silent.	Psicología is pronounced “see-koh-loh-hee-ah.”

More Complicated Consonants

• The Letter C

  This can either be pronounced like the letter s ( serpiente or “snake”), as in the word acelga (chard or a type of beet), or with a hard sound as seen in casa (house). How can you know which way to read it?

  Spanish C	What It Sounds Like	Example
  CA	hard c	casa (KA-sa) or "house"
  CE	soft c	celeste (se-LES-te) or "heavenly"
  CI	soft c	cinco (SEEN-co) or "five"
  CO	hard c	cosa (KO-sa) or "thing"
  CU	hard c	cuerpo (KU-ER-po) or "body"

• The Letters B and V

  In Spanish, the sound of these two letters is identical—so much so that they’re often referred to as be larga (long B) and be corta (short B or the English “V”). When reading these two letters, they make the same sound as the English B in “ball.”

  The Spanish B and V	Example
  B	bailar  (ba-ee-lar) or "to dance"
  V	Valencia (bah-len-see-a) or "Valencia"

  While the sound is the same in standard Spanish, that might not be the case in some regions. If you want to know more, check out this article, which goes more in-depth on the b vs. v issue.

• The Letter LL

  You may be thinking, “that’s two letter L’s.” Nope. It’s one letter called the doble ele (literally “double l”). When two Ls are put next to each other in Spanish, they make a different sound than just one L. When you see them together as LL, they make a sound like the English letter J.

  Spanish Words That Use LL	Pronunciation	English Translation
  llevar	yay-var	carry
  lluvia	yu-vee-ah	rain

  If you want to study the LL in more detail, here’s an article you can check out. 

• The Letter Ñ

  Ñ  may be the most intimidating letter in Spanish because it doesn’t exist in English. It’s used very often and has a unique sound. This letter is called the enyay.

  It’s pronounced like the “ni” seen in onion. You probably recognize and already know how to say piñata (peen-ya-ta)

  Spanish Words That Use Ñ	Pronunciation	English Translation
  baño	bah-nyo	bathroom
  Señor Señora	seh-nyohr seh-nyoh-ra	Sir/Mr. Madam/Mrs.

  The best way to become familiar with this letter is to hear a native say it. That way, you’ll be able to really hear how the letter sounds. Here’s a YouTube link that can help you with that.

The Rest of the Letters

Let’s move on to the other letters. Most of these are pretty self-explanatory if you listen to the ABC song.

There are a few letters that are harder to read because they either sound like other letters or they make multiple sounds. Take a look at the rest of the Spanish letters we haven’t discussed yet:

Other Spanish Letters	What It Sounds Like
D	deh
F	efeh
G	heh
J	hota
K	kah
L	elle
M	eme
N	ene
P	peh
Q	coo
R	ere
S	eseh
T	teh
W	doble beh (not found in Spanish origin words)
X	ekis
Y	yeh
Z	seta

How to Read Spanish Accents (Tilde)

When I started learning Spanish, the accents were what confused me most. However, they’re incredibly important when writing and reading Spanish. Accents give words clarity. How so?

Well, perhaps you’ve noticed that there are some words in Spanish that are exactly the same—except that one has an accent.

Word Without Accent Mark	Word With Accent Mark
Si (If)	Sí  (Yes)
Tu (Your)	Tú  (You)
El (The)	Él  (He)
Mi (My)	Mí (Me)

There are several other words like this. As you’re reading, the best tool you have in your belt is context clues. If you’re unsure, read sentences with both options.

How to Read Stress in Spanish Words

Now, let’s put together everything we’ve learned so far and figure out exactly how to pronounce some Spanish words. Where do we put the stress?

There are four main rules when it comes to stress in Spanish.

Words ending in N, S or a vowel without written accent

If a word ends in a vowel, the stress goes on the second to last syllable.

Words Ending In N, S or a Vowel Without Accent Marks	Pronunciation	English Translation
nada	na-da	nothing / none
acento	a-cen-to	accent
refrigeradores	re-fri-ge-ra-do-res	refrigerators

Words ending in a consonant (except N and S) with no written accent

If a word ends in a consonant, the stress is on the last syllable of the word.

Words Ending in a Consonant (Except N and S) With No Accent Marks	Pronunciation	English Translation
cantar	can-tar	sing
refrigerador	re-fri-ge-ra-dor	refrigerator

Words with tildes

If a word has a  tilde (written accent), the stress goes on that syllable.

Words With Tildes	Pronunciation	English Translation
así	a-sí	so, thus, as well
biología	bio-lo-gí-a	biology
rápido	rá-pi-do	fast
devuélvemelo	de-vuél-ve-me-lo	give it back (to me)

Words that end with mente

If a word ends with –mente (i.e., Spanish adverbs), then you’re going to have two stresses. In this case, one stress will be on the strong syllable of the adjective (tris-te, rá-pi-da, etc.) and another will be on the men of –mente.

Words That End With -mente	Pronunciation	English Translation
tristemente	tris-te-men-te	sadly
rápidamente	rá-pi-da-men-te	quickly

How to Improve Your Spanish Reading Skills

Now that you’re an expert on the rules of reading Spanish, you can test your skills! Here are a few tips you can use.

Start Reading Easy Spanish Texts

You’ve only just mastered reading the Spanish letters, so you don’t want to jump into reading Cervantes right away. Take it easy for now with Spanish short stories. Once you’re done with those, you can progress to Spanish novels for beginners.

Be aware that you’re probably going to encounter words you haven’t studied yet, so have your handy notebook (or note-taking app) with you as you settle in and let Spanish authors take you into other worlds with their words.

Read Along With a Video

For example, here’s a link to a man reading a short story in Spanish. The best thing you can do is pause the video before he starts reading (which is roughly around the 2:09 mark). Read the passage aloud to yourself and record your voice reading it. Then listen to how he reads it and compare it to your own recording.

It may seem like a tedious task, but if you do that, you’ll hear the difference in your reading and his reading.

You can do this activity with pretty much any subtitled Spanish video—ideally one that features authentic dialogue, like the short video clips on FluentU.

Make It Fun With Games

Who says reading in Spanish has to be a dry and boring exercise? There are a good number of games you can play to learn various aspects of Spanish. For example, Influent allows you to acquire new vocabulary and practice your pronunciation in a fun way. The game is available to download for iOS, Android and Steam.

 

Pick up on those differences in the Spanish  letras and start working on them daily.

Next thing you know, you’ll be able to read most things in Spanish.

Download: This blog post is available as a convenient and portable PDF that you can take anywhere. Click here to get a copy. (Download)